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Frankignoul 1981
Frankignoul, C. (1981). Low-Frequency Temperature Fluctuations Off Bermuda. Journal of Geophysical Research 86: doi: 10.1029/JC086iC07p06522. issn: 0148-0227.

Twenty-four years of hydrographic stations made by the R. V. Panulirus southeast of Bermuda at approximately semi-monthly intervals have been used to construct temperature time series at 10 depths ranging from the surface to 2000 m. The data contain no significant seasonal signal at depth ?250 m. Subsurface temperature spectra have a broad peak in the eddy containing band at periods ~0 (100 days) and drop rapidly at high frequencies. At very low frequencies, the spectra indicate some redness, down to the largest resolvable time scales. Most of the energy in the temperature fluctuations is concentrated into two vertical modes, which resembles the first two baroclinic normal modes, and explain 60% and 23% of the variance, respectively. The observed spectrum of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies has substantially more variance at periods of a year and less than SST anomaly spectra estimated from ship reports on 5¿5¿ grid. It is suggested that the excess variance is due to the advection of the sea temperature pattern by the underlying field of smaller scale eddies, consistently with the observed coherences between surface and deeper temperature records.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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