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Carroll 1982
Carroll, J.J. (1982). Long-term means and short-term variability of the surface energy balance components at the South Pole. Journal of Geophysical Research 87: doi: 10.1029/JC087iC06p04277. issn: 0148-0227.

On the basis of a nearly continuous data set obtained between April 1975 and December 1977, a summary of seasonal means of the directly measured and calcuated energy fluxes and examples of the short-term (daily) variablity in these components in response to changing synoptic conditons are presented. The seasonally averaged observations are consistent with those of previous studies, indicating that throughout most of the year a net radiative loss from the surface occurs averaging 12 to 13 W m-2 per year. In summer, the downward flux of heat from the air (Hs) exceeds the net radiation losses by 10--20%, resulting in storage of heat in the deep snowpack. In winter the radiative losses average between 16 and 20 W m-2 with Hs supplying 85--90% of this loss and the remaining 10--15% supplied from deep storage in the snow. On daily time scales, the energy balance components are highly variable, with ranges several times their long-term means. This variability appears to results from variation in forcing associated with variations in the large scale flow, namely, changing large-scale pressure gradient, cloudiness, and variations in the mean temperature of the lower atmosphere (i.e., Z≲1 km).

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Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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