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Parungo et al. 1982
Parungo, F., Nagamoto, C., Nolt, I., Dias, M. and Nickerson, E. (1982). Chemical analysis of cloud water collected over Hawaii. Journal of Geophysical Research 87: doi: 10.1029/JC080i011p08805. issn: 0148-0227.

Two types of cloud water collectors were developed, and the devices were used to collect samples around the Hawaii Islands. The chemical analyses of cloud water showed that Na+, Cl-, and SO4= ion concentrations were approximately 10-4m; NH4+,NO3-, and Ca++ were 1 order of magnitude lower. The pH values were in the range of 4--5 regardless of sampling locations. The high acidity of cloud water over Hawaii may originate in the ocean or from long-range transport of anthropogenic pollution, in addition to local pollution, if present.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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