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Beasley et al. 1983
Beasley, W.W., Uman, M.A., Jordan, D.M. and Ganesh, C. (1983). Simultaneous pulses in light and electric field from stepped leaders near ground level. Journal of Geophysical Research 88: doi: 10.1029/JC080i013p08617. issn: 0148-0227.

During the summer of 1982 we used a collimated narrow slit and photomultipler tube in conjunction with a broadband electric-field system to study light and electric-field signals from cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in Gainesville, Florida. For three flashes at a range of about 2 km, we observed correlated sequences of light and electric-field pulses from sections of channel about 12 m long and about 80 m above ground for 50-100 μs prior to the first return strokes. These time intervals included all the leader light pulses that were recorded in each case. In one case there were at least nine distinct light pulses. Sometimes there were measurable electric-field preceding the first light pulse. Early or intermediate light pulses were the largest in amplitude. Electric-field pulses generally increased in amplitude with time up to the return stroke. We interprete these observations as the result of leader steps passing through the field of view of the slit. Both light and electric-field pulses occurred at intervals of 5-20 μs, had 10 to 90% risetimes of 0.5-0.9 μs, and had full widths at half maximum of 0.8-1.5 μs. We estimate that stepped-leader speeds within 100 m of ground were between 0.8¿106 and 3.9¿106 m s1.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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