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Hong & Carmichael 1983
Hong, M.S. and Carmichael, G.R. (1983). An investigation of sulfate production in clouds using a flow-through chemical reactor model approach. Journal of Geophysical Research 88: doi: 10.1029/JC080i015p10733. issn: 0148-0227.

A flow-through chemical reactor model is developed to describe the mass transfer and chemical processes that atmospheric gases undergo in clouds. The model includes the simultaneous absorption of SO2, NH3, O3, NOx, HNO3, CO2, and H2O2, the accompanying dissociation and oxidation reactions in cloud water, considers solution electral-neutrality and includes qualitative parameterization of cloud microphysics. The model is used to assess the importance of the oxidation reactions H2O2-S (IV), O3-S(IV), and S(IV)-Mn++ catalysis, and the effects of cloud parameters such as drop size, rain intensity, liquid water content, and updraft velocity. Both precipitating and nonprecipitating clouds are studied. Model results predict sulfate production rates varying from 3%/hr to 230%/hr (expressed in terms of gaseous SO3 conversion rate). The actual rate is highly dependent on the chemical composition of the uptake air and the physical conditions of the cloud. Model results also show that both the H2O2 and the O3 oxidation reactions can be significant.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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