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Baldy 1988
Baldy, S. (1988). Bubbles in the close vicinity of breaking waves: Statistical characteristics of the generation and dispersion mechanism. Journal of Geophysical Research 93: doi: 10.1029/88JC01550. issn: 0148-0227.

A direct investigation focussed on the vicinity of the interface of bubble populations generated by different breaking waves fields in a wind-water simulation facility is presented. Bubble size spectrum over a diameter range 60 μ≤d⟨3000 μ, obtained from a laser-based single-particle technique is given for differnt depths in the vicinity of the interface and different conditions of wave age and wind. Self-consistent results are obtained if the dimensionless depth z*=z/H1/3, where H1/3 is the significant height, is used and two partly overlapping zones are apparent: (1) next to the surface the spectral shape is found to be invariant, and the global bubble concentration decreases rapidly with depth and (2) at lower levels the concentration of small bubbles is roughly constant, and the slope of the slope of the size spectrum increases with depth. Distribution of time intervals between bubble arrivals in the sampling volume and bubble speed estimations obtained from bubble time of residence in this volume further suggest bubble clusters in the upper zone that fade out in the lower zone. In addition, bubble concentration is found to increase very rapidly at a given depth with wind speed and more rapidly for large bubbles than for small ones. Bubble cluster, speed, and size distribution variations with depth furnish evidence for the identification of the upper zone with a generation zone and the lower with a dispersion zone.

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Abstract

Keywords
Oceanography, Physical, Upper ocean processes, Oceanography, Physical, Air/sea interactions, Oceanography, Physical, Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes, Oceanography, Physical, Ocean fog and aerosols
Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
http://www.agu.org/journals/jb/
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
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