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Hagenga 1984
Hagenga, C.O. (1984). Characteristics of lightning VHF radiation near the time of return strokes. Journal of Geophysical Research 89: doi: 10.1029/JD089iD01p01403. issn: 0148-0227.

By using a crossed base line interferometer, lighting VHF source positions correlated in time with electric field change measurements have been obtained. We present data in this paper showing azimuth and elevation pictures with high time resolution of the VHF (34.3 MHz) radiation for events near the time of return strokes. From their common characteristics we infer spatial and temporal features of these processes. No radiation was seen that could be attributed to the return stroke wave front itself. Radiation from stepped leaders continued up to and, in some cases, after initiation of the first return stroke. A strong burst of radiation often followed the first return stroke. Strong radiation began before subsequent return strokes, coinciding with the electric field change usually associated with the dart leader. The end of the radiation was independent of the return stroke. The source of this radiation was a well-defined region within the cloud. A second burst often followed the return stroke located in the same region as that prior to the stroke. Sources from stroke to stroke showed horizontal displacement with little apparent change in elevation.

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Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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