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Wang et al. 1984
Wang, W., Molnar, G., Mitchell, T.P. and Stone, P.H. (1984). Effects of dynamical heat fluxes on model climate sensitivity. Journal of Geophysical Research 89: doi: 10.1029/JD089iD03p04699. issn: 0148-0227.

The effect of the meridional and vertical dynamic heat fluxes on climate sensitivity is investigated using an annual mean coupled high and low latitude radiative-dynamical model of the northern hemisphere. The model was constructed by incorporating a meridonal (atmosphere and ocean) dynamical heat flux parameterization into a two-zone (flow latitude 0¿-30¿N and high latitude 30¿-90¿N) version of the vertical radiative-convective model. The atmospheric vertical dynamical heat flux is parameterized through the convective adjustment with two critical lapse rates; the moist adiabatic lapse rate and the critical value for baroclinic adjustment. The meridional dynamical heat flux is related to the meridional temperature gradient empirically. Cloud covers and altitudes and relative humidity are fixed. Ice albedo-temperature feedback is included. The feedback in the dynamical heat fluxes is found to produce a strong stablizing effect on climate. The warming of the hemispheric mean surface temperature induced by a 2% increase in solar constant and a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration could be increased by as much as a factor of 4 if the feedbacks from the meridional heat fluxes is also calculated to be very strong (i.e., the vertical flux feedback is strongly stabilizing in the presence of meridional flux feedback but destabilizing in its absence. In fact, the model's current climate is unstable in the latter case). The interactions of the dynamical heat flux with other temperature-dependent feedbacks such as radiation, ice albedo, and humidity and their subsequent effects on climate are also studied.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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