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Taylor & Stowe 1984
Taylor, V.R. and Stowe, L.L. (1984). Reflectance characteristics of uniform earth and cloud surfaces derived from Nimbus-7 ERB. Journal of Geophysical Research 89: doi: 10.1029/J0089i004p04987. issn: 0148-0227.

Data from the scanning channels of the Nimbus-7 Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment are combined with other data on earth surface coditions and cloudiness. Patters of bi-directional reflectance are constructed from this data for uniform earth and cloud surface. Examples are shown that illustrate the bi-directional properties of surfaces and how these properties vary with solar zenith angle (SZA). Dependence of albedo on SZA is also shown. Conclusions may be summarized as follows: (1) Water surfaces exhibit limb brightening at all SZAs; (2) cloud and land surfaces change from limb darkening to brightening as SZA increases; (3) the land surface exhibits higher backward reflection for SZAs less than about 50¿; (40 all of the surface in this study become more specular as SZA increases; (5) snow is the most nearly isotropic of these surfaces; (6) snow albedo shows very little variation with SZA and even shows a slight decrease over a limited range; (7) albedo generally increases with increasing SZA for other than snow surface; (8) angular patterns for high water and ice clouds are quite similar, but ice clouds are more nearly isotropic; (9) the angular patterns developed in this study are in qualitative agreement with those from other investigations.

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Abstract

Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
http://www.agu.org/journals/jb/
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American Geophysical Union
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