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Saunders et al. 1985
Saunders, C.P.R., Wheeler, M.F.S., Jallo, N. and Jayaratne, E.R. (1985). Ice crystals interactions with a riming target: Charge transfer and collection efficiencies. Journal of Geophysical Research 90: doi: 10.1029/JD090iD04p06047. issn: 0148-0227.

Recent laboratory studies have shown that the sign and magnitude of electric charge transferred to a riming pellet of soft hail when ice crystals collide then separate are sensitive functions of the cloud liquid water content and the temperature. Certain differences between these results, obtained with crystal/rimer relative velocities of ~3 m s-1, and those of other workers at ~10 m s-1 have been reconciled in the present work in terms of a dependence of the sign of the charge transfer on velocity. By measuring the charge transferred to two ice targets of different size, an estimate has been made of the product of collision and separation probabilities of crystals interacting with a 5-mm-diameter target.

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