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Thomson 1975
Thomson, N.R. (1975). Whistler-mode signals: Group delay by cross correlation.. Geophysical Research Letters 2: doi: 10.1029/GL002i010p00451. issn: 0094-8276.

Group travel times of 18.6 kHz whistler-mode signals from NLK, Seattle, to Wellington, New Zealand, are now being measured using the normal FSK transmissions. This is done using a mini-computer programmed to perform real-time cross correlations between two receivers: one receiver gets its signal from a whip aerial on which the ground wave (subionospheric mode) dominates, while the other gets its signal from a loop oriented for minimum ground wave. Group travel time can thus be measured continuously while there are whistler-mode signals present. Delays of 0.2--0.8 seconds have been found.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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