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Hapke 1996
Hapke, B. (1996). A model of radiative and conductive energy transfer in planetary regoliths. Journal of Geophysical Research 101: doi: 10.1029/96JE00917. issn: 0148-0227.

The thermal regime in planetary regoliths involves three processes: propagation of visible radiation, propagation of thermal radiation, and thermal conduction. The equations of radiative transfer and heat conduction are formulated for particulate media composed of anisotropically scattering particles. Although the equations are time dependent, only steady state problems are considered in this paper. Using the two-stream approximation, solutions are obtained for two cases: a layer of powder heated from below and an infinitely thick regolith illuminated by visible radiation. Radiative conductivity, subsurface temperature gradients, and the solid state greenhouse effect all appear intrinsically in the solutions without ad hoc additions. Although the equations are nonlinear, approximate analytic solutions that are accurate to a few percent are obtained. Analytic expressions are given for the temperature distribution, the optical and thermal radiance distributions, the hemispherical albedo, the hemispherical emissivity, and the directional emissivity. Additional applications of the new model to three problems of interest in planetary regoliths are presented by Hapke . ¿ American Geophysical Union 1996

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Abstract

Keywords
Planetology, Solid Surface Planets, Remote sensing, Planetology, Solid Surface Planets, Surface materials and properties, Planetology, Solid Surface Planets, Instruments and techniques
Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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