Eight flume experiments were conducted to study the development of bed surface texture and structure in the presence of partial bed material transport. The experiments have two phases, a no-feed degradational phase followed by a feeding phase. A surface structure of irregular, reticulate stone nets and clusters was developed before sediment feeding commenced. Bed load transport equaled or slightly exceeded the fed supply, except at the highest feed rate. The bed structure was maintained, but bed surface texture fined with increasing sediment load. The two phenomena may coexist because the largest grains on the bed moved only very sporadically. The actual sediment transport rates were much less than the expected rate calculated from the ratio of bed surface grain size to transported grain size. The difference reflects the increase in bed stability introduced by the bed structure. Between 17% and 47% of the bed shear stress is estimated to be carried by the structure, <4% being absorbed by the load, while the bed grains carried the balance of the stress. Bed material transport is exceedingly sensitive to bed surface structure and grain size, which raises concerns about the realizable precision of grain size measurements and characterization of the structure. ¿ 2000 American Geophysical Union