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Langenberg 2003
Langenberg, K.J. (2003). A thorough look at the nonuniqueness of the electromagnetic scattering integral equation solutions as compared to the scalar acoustic ones. Radio Science 38: doi: 10.1029/2001RS002558. issn: 0048-6604.

It is well-known that solutions of electromagnetic scattering integral equations of the first or second kind (EFIE and MFIE) for perfectly electric or perfectly magnetic conducting scatterers are nonunique for those frequencies which correspond to interior Maxwell resonances of the scatterer; hence, the null spaces of the respective interior problem operators are under concern. In principle, all mathematical facts and proofs regarding this problem and cited in this paper are available from the book by Colton and Kress <1983>, yet, these authors mainly concentrate on single and double layer potentials for the scalar acoustic (Dirichlet and Neumann) as well as the magnetic dipole layer ansatz for the perfectly electric conducting (Maxwell) problem and treat the Huygens-type representation, which is more common in the electrical engineering community, not in the same detail. This might be the reason that part of the electrical engineering literature suffers from some confusion regarding the proper null spaces and their physical relevance, in particular, if the electromagnetic problem is considered in 2-D, where it reduces to scalar TM/TE-problems. The present contribution comments on these issues emphasizing that the null spaces of 2-D electromagnetics are the nonphysical null spaces originating from the Huygens-type representation of scalar acoustics.

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Abstract

Keywords
Electromagnetics, Electromagnetic theory, Electromagnetics, Scattering and diffraction, Electromagnetics, Numerical methods
Journal
Radio Science
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
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