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Druitt et al. 2004
Druitt, T.H., Bruni, G., Lettieri, P. and Yates, J.G. (2004). The fluidization behaviour of ignimbrite at high temperature and with mechanical agitation. Geophysical Research Letters 31: doi: 10.1029/2003GL018593. issn: 0094-8276.

Experiments were carried out to study the fluidization behaviour of ignimbrite at high temperature and while being mechanically agitated. Geldart group C behaviour occurs up to 565¿C when the material is subjected to increasing gas flow (without agitation) from the loosely packed state. In contrast, even gentle mechanical agitation inhibits channelling and results in group-A type behaviour with homogeneous (non-bubbling) expansions of up to 30--40%. Bed collapse tests exhibit group-C behaviour at room temperature, group-A behaviour at 200--565¿C, and transitional behaviour at 55¿C. Both elevated temperature and mechanical agitation greatly increase the fluidizability of ignimbrite. It is inferred that a combination of high temperature and shear during transport will promote Geldart group A behaviour in pyroclastic flows.

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Abstract

Keywords
Planetology, Solid Surface Planets, Volcanism, Volcanology, Eruption mechanisms, Volcanology, Ash deposits, Volcanology, General or miscellaneous
Journal
Geophysical Research Letters
http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
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