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Moeltner & Stoddard 2004
Moeltner, K. and Stoddard, S. (2004). A panel data analysis of commercial customers' water price responsiveness under block rates. Water Resources Research 40: doi: 10.1029/2003WR002192. issn: 0043-1397.

The existing literature on nonresidential water demand has primarily employed cross-sectional models based on time-aggregated data. In this study, we analyze panel data models of commercial water demand that build on monthly observations of water use and marginal prices for individual customers. This allows for a closer investigation of the temporal aspects of commercial water demand. We show that commercial water demand can exhibit strong seasonal patterns. These temporal consumption patterns aggravate simultaneity problems associated with block pricing if they are not explicitly accounted for in demand specifications.

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Abstract

Keywords
Policy Sciences, Demand estimation, General or Miscellaneous, Instruments useful in three or more fields, General or Miscellaneous, Techniques applicable in three or more fields, commercial water demand, block-rate pricing, random effects, temporal effects, simultaneity bias, instrumental variables
Journal
Water Resources Research
http://www.agu.org/wrr/
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
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