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Young et al. 1977
Young, D.T., Geiss, J., Balsiger, H., Eberhardt, P., Ghielmetti, A. and Rosenbauer, H. (1977). Discovery of He2+ and O2+ ions of terrestrial origin in the outer magnetosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 4: doi: 10.1029/GL004i012p00561. issn: 0094-8276.

Using the Ion Composition Experiment (ICE) on board ESA's GEOS satellite we have observed He2+ and O2+ ions of terrestrial origin in the outer magnetosphere predominantly in the energy range ~1-100 eV. Data were obtained near the equatorial plane at geocentric distances of 3 to 7 earth radii in the local time sector 1500--2100 hours. During periods when doubly charged ions are observed typical abundances are O2+/O+~30% and He2+/He+~0.5%-10%. The proportions of the major constituents H+, He+, and O+ are highly variable with He+ occassionally the dominant species at higher altitudes.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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