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O’Brien et al. 1978
O’Brien, J.J., Adamec, D. and Moore, D.W. (1978). A simple model of upwelling in the Gulf of Guinea. Geophysical Research Letters 5: doi: 10.1029/GL005i008p00641. issn: 0094-8276.

A simple linear baroclinic numerical model of an equatorial beta-plane ocean is integrated for the Atlantic Ocean. The seasonal increase of westward trade winds in the western Atlantic generates a trapped equatorial disturbance which propagates westward at internal gravity wave speeds and produces strong upwelling along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. A windstress perturbation of 0.025 Newtons m-2 produces over 20 m of upwelling for over 90 days in the Gulf of Guinea.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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