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Tsunoda & Towle 1979
Tsunoda, R.T. and Towle, D.M. (1979). On the spatial relationship of 1-meter equatorial spread-F irregularities and depletions in total electron content. Geophysical Research Letters 6: doi: 10.1029/GL006i011p00873. issn: 0094-8276.

An experiment was conducted at Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands to investigate the spatial relationship of 1-m equatorial spread-F irregularities to total electron content (TEC) depletions. A high-power radar was operated (1) in a backscatter scan mode to spatially map the distribution of 1-m irregularities, and (2) in a dual-frequency, satellite-track mode to obtain the longitudinal TEC variations. We show that radar backscatter ''plumes'' found in the disturbed, nighttime equatorial ionosphere are longitudinally coincident with TEC depletions. We suggest that the TEC depletions are probably due to the presence of plasma ''bubbles'' in the equatorial F layer.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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