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Szymanski & Rust 1979
Szymanski, E.W. and Rust, W.D. (1979). Preliminary observations of lightning radar echoes and simultaneous electric field changes. Geophysical Research Letters 6: doi: 10.1029/GL006i006p00527. issn: 0094-8276.

Measurements of radar echoes from lightning discharges within intense thunderstorms in Oklahoma have been made with a 10 cm Doppler radar. Also measured was the electric field change associated with the lightning. The lightning echoes were analyzed by displaying echo intensity at a particular range versus time. Temporal comparisons could then be made with the electric field changes. Radar echoes were detected from both intracloud and cloud-to-ground discharges. Relatively abrupt increases in lightning radar echo intensity sometimes appeared related to the occurrence of return strokes, K-type electric field changes, and during continuing currents. The radar antenna beamwidth was 0.8¿, and we undoubtedly often did not receive echoes from the entire discharge process during any given lightning flash. Lightning echoes were detected at ranges of 30--180 km and at altitudes of 0.8--9.8 km in regions of stroms with reflectivity factors of up to 58 dBz. Lightning echoes were 10--25 dB stronger than the precipitation echo in which they occurred, and they generally were observed in regions where the precipitation echo was less than the maximum for the storm. The mean duration of the observed lightning echoes is 342 ms with a standard deviation of 270 ms. The longest spatial extent of a lightning echo that we observed was 45 km.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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