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Wendler et al. 2004
Wendler, G., Moore, B., Hartmann, B., Stuefer, M. and Flint, R. (2004). Effects of multiple reflection and albedo on the net radiation in the pack ice zones of Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research 109: doi: 10.1029/2003JD003927. issn: 0148-0227.

Radiative and meteorological measurements were collected continuously during a cruise from Australia to Antarctica in austral summer 2000. On the average, the amount of fractional cloud cover was high (81%), reducing the incoming solar radiation. The albedo varied widely from over 80% for snow-covered undisturbed sea ice to below 10% for open water. In general, sea ice concentration was the strongest determining factor for the reflectivity. However, different ice types and snow cover also had a substantial influence on the reflectivity. When a highly reflecting surface was present (total snow-covered undisturbed ice pack with an albedo of 81%), the incoming global radiation under overcast conditions was 85% higher than for a water surface due to multiple reflections. The net radiation was found to be a strong function of both fractional cloud cover and surface albedo. For low albedo values, the net radiation increases with decreasing cloudiness, e.g., for a water surface (albedo 8%) the mean daily value increased from 88 Wm-2 for total cloud cover to 226 Wm-2 for clear skies. For highly reflecting surfaces, the net radiation decreases with decreasing cloud amount for most of the day. The mean daily value was slightly negative for clear skies (-7 Wm-2), but somewhat positive (23 Wm-2) for overcast conditions.

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Abstract

Keywords
Atmospheric Composition and Structure, Transmission and scattering of radiation, Global Change, Climate dynamics, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics, Polar meteorology, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics, Radiative processes
Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
http://www.agu.org/journals/jb/
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
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