Noble gas concentrations and oxygen isotopes in groundwaters from the Kalahari Desert in Botswana contain a ~45 ka paleotemperature record indicating that mean annual temperatures during the period from 24 ka BP to 45 ka BP were 5.2 ¿ 1.5¿C cooler than from ~16 ka to the present day. In addition to enrichments in oxygen-18, groundwaters recharged after 16 ka BP also contain higher concentrations of excess-air (entrained air bubbles). Taken together, the noble gas, oxygen isotope, and excess-air based paleoclimate archives provide evidence that the high interior desert of southern Africa was both cooler and dryer prior to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Cool, dry conditions also suggest a weaker hydrological cycle in southern Africa. This is contrary to the predicted enhancement of monsoon strength by increased summer insolation in the southern tropics induced by orbital precession during the LGM.