Recent and long-term accumulation rates of carbon (C), using 210Pb- and 14C-dating, were examined in 23 ombrotrophic peatlands in eastern Canada, where average 1990--1996 atmospheric wet nitrogen (N) deposition ranged from 0.3 to 0.8 g N m-2 yr-1. The average recent rate of C accumulation (RERCA) over the past 150 years was 73 ¿ 17 (SD) g C m-2 yr-1, ranging from 40 to 117 g C m-2 yr-1. The difference in RERCA between hummocks (78 g C m-2 yr-1) and hollows (65 g C m-2 yr-1) was significant. Increased RERCA over the past 50 years was found in hummocks and hollows in regions of higher N deposition and related to both elevated N deposition and growing degree-days above +5¿C. There was a statistically significant positive relationship between N deposition alone and present-day C accumulation in both hummocks and hollows (R2 = 0.28 and 0.38, respectively). Recent N accumulation was significantly larger in high N deposition regions. The total average aboveground vegetation biomass of hollows and hummocks did not differ significantly with N deposition. However, a significantly larger vascular plant leaf biomass was found in both hollows and hummocks of the high N deposition class than in the low N deposition class (>0.6 and <0.4 g m-2 yr-1, respectively). The average long-term apparent rate of C accumulation (LORCA) at 15 sites was 19 ¿ 8 (SD) g C m-2 yr-1, with no significant difference due to age of peat inception, latitude, or continentality.