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Lundin et al. 1980
Lundin, R., Lyons, L.R. and Pissarenko, N. (1980). Observations of the ring current composition at L<4. Geophysical Research Letters 7: doi: 10.1029/GL007i006p00425. issn: 0094-8276.

Observations showing that the low energy (≲4 is composed mainly of O+ and He+ ions during quiet times and the recovery of magnetic storms are presented. The data were obtained from the ion composition experiment on board the PROG-NOZ-7 satellite during several passes through the ring current region. For L≲3.5, the relative abundance of H+ was only a few percent of the ion energy density in the energy range of 0.2--17 keV. Although O+ normally dominates for L≲4, the relative contribution of He+ increases with decreasing L, and in one case became more abundant than O+ for L≲3. One example of a storm injection shows dominance by O+ ions (~82%) with H+ only giving a minor contribution (~15% to the density. These observations are consistent with inferences based on charge exchange, H+ being most rapidly lost and He+ being the most stable.

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Journal
Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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