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Kwon & Riser 2004
Kwon, Y. and Riser, S.C. (2004). North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water: A history of ocean-atmosphere interaction 1961–2000. Geophysical Research Letters 31: doi: 10.1029/2004GL021116. issn: 0094-8276.

Water masses that ventilate intermediate ocean depth, such as the North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water (NASTMW), play important roles in various aspects of climate, but their basic properties and space-time variability need to be better quantified. Herein we examine the mean annual cycle and long-term variability of NASTMW for the 40-year period 1961--2000. Integrated NASTMW properties such as water mass volume, temperature, and heat content show a consistent annual cycle superimposed over a much larger interannual-to-decadal cycle that is strongly correlated to the North Atlantic Oscillation index. The 40-year record clearly shows the ocean's ability to integrate atmospheric forcing over several years and to exhibit an interannual memory of wintertime forcing by the atmosphere.

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Abstract

Keywords
Oceanography, General, Water masses, Oceanography, General, Climate and interannual variability, Oceanography, Physical, Air/sea interactions, Oceanography, Physical, Upper ocean processes, Global Change, Oceans
Journal
Geophysical Research Letters
http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
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