Peatlands store the majority of soil carbon in many northern regions, yet their vulnerability to fire remains poorly understood. We used large-scale mapping of fire and peatland distributions to explore patterns of burning at two spatial scales. On a landscape scale in central Alberta, we used spatially explicit distributions of peatlands and 50 years of fire perimeter maps to determine whether uplands burn more preferentially than peatlands. Burn area and ignition localities in central Alberta did not occur preferentially in uplands relative to bogs and fens. Extrapolating this result at a regional scale, we used the Peatlands of Canada database and 20 years of historical fire records to estimate annual burn areas for Alberta, British Columbia, Northwest Territories, and Saskatchewan peatlands. Peatland burn areas varied tremendously over time, with high fire activity in the early 1980s and mid-1990s. On average, fires impacted 1850 km2 of peatland annually across this region of western Canada. Positive relationships between the area of peatland burned and weather variables calculated for each fire event using the Canadian Fire Weather Index, including maximum air temperatures and the duff moisture code, suggest that drier and/or warmer conditions likely would increase the burning of peatlands in western Canada.