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Detailed Reference Information |
Grimmond, C.S.B., Salmond, J.A., Oke, T.R., Offerle, B. and Lemonsu, A. (2004). Flux and turbulence measurements at a densely built-up site in Marseille: Heat, mass (water and carbon dioxide), and momentum. Journal of Geophysical Research 109. doi: 10.1029/2004JD004936. issn: 0148-0227. |
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Eddy covariance (EC) observations above the densely built-up center of Marseille during the Exp¿rience sur site pour contraindre les mod¿les de pollution atmosph¿rique et de transport d'¿missions (ESCOMPTE) summertime measurement campaign extend current understanding of surface atmosphere exchanges in cities. The instrument array presented opportunities to address issues of the representativeness of local-scale fluxes in urban settings. Separate EC systems operated at two levels, and a telescoping tower allowed the pair to be exposed at two different sets of heights. The flux and turbulence observations taken at the four heights, stratified by wind conditions (mistral wind and sea breeze), are used to address the partitioning of the surface energy balance in an area with large roughness elements. The turbulent sensible heat flux dominates in the daytime, although the storage heat flux is a significant term that peaks before solar noon. The turbulent latent heat flux is small but not negligible. Carbon dioxide fluxes show that this central city district is almost always a source, but the vegetation reduces the magnitude of the fluxes in the afternoon. The atmosphere in such a heavily developed area is rarely stable. The turbulence characteristics support the empirical functions proposed by M. Roth. |
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Abstract |
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Keywords
Atmospheric Composition and Structure, Biosphere/atmosphere interactions, Atmospheric Composition and Structure, Pollution—urban and regional, Hydrology, Anthropogenic effects, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics, Boundary layer processes, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics, Land/atmosphere interactions, carbon dioxide fluxes, eddy covariance, energy balance, stability, turbulence, urban climate |
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Publisher
American Geophysical Union 2000 Florida Avenue N.W. Washington, D.C. 20009-1277 USA 1-202-462-6900 1-202-328-0566 service@agu.org |
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