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Basu et al. 1982
Basu, B., Chang, T. and Jasperse, J.R. (1982). Electrostatic plasma instabilities in the daytime lower ionosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 9: doi: 10.1029/GL009i001p00068. issn: 0094-8276.

Using a model collision operator we derive the dispersion relation for high frequency electrostatic waves in the lower ionsphere for daytime, midlatitude conditions. We find that the suprathermal electrons near 5 eV can excite unstable electron cyclotron and upper hybrid waves. The possible role of these instabilities in determining the shape of the photoelectron energy spectrum from 2 to 6 eV is briefly discussed.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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