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Abdu et al. 1982
Abdu, M.A., de Medeiros, R.T. and Sobral, J.H.A. (1982). Equatorial spread F instability conditions as determined from ionograms. Geophysical Research Letters 9: doi: 10.1029/GL009i006p00692. issn: 0094-8276.

Conditions of plasma irregularity (or Spread F) regeneration under the Rayleigh--Taylor mechanism in the nighttime equatorial ionosphere are examined from ionogram data registered over Fortaleza (4¿ S, 38¿ W, mag. dip lat. -1.7¿) Brazil for a one year period. The results show that local ionospheric conditions such as the bottomside F-region electron density scale length and the ion-neutral collision frequency at the base of the layer, at sunset hours, determine the generation of the spread F irregularities over the equator in the post sunset hours.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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