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Newman & Knopoff 1982
Newman, W.I. and Knopoff, L. (1982). Crack fusion dynamics: A model for large earthquakes. Geophysical Research Letters 9: doi: 10.1029/GL009i007p00735. issn: 0094-8276.

The physical processes of the fusion of small cracks into larger ones are nonlinear in character. A study of the nonlinear properties of fusion may lead to an understanding of the instabilities that give rise to clustering of large earthquakes. We have investigated the properties of simple versions of fusion processes to see if instabilities culminating in repetitive massive earthquakes are possible. We have taken into account such diverse phenomena as the production of aftershocks, the rapid extension of large cracks to overwhelm and absorb smaller cracks, the influence of anelastic creep-induced time delays, healing, the genesis of ''juvenile'' cracks due to plate motions, and others. A preliminary conclusion is that the time delays introduced by anelastic creep may be responsible for producing catastrophic instabilities characteristic of large earthquakes as well as aftershock sequences. However, it seems that nonlocal influences, i.e., the spatial diffusion of cracks, may play a dominant role in producing episodes of seismicity and clustering.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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