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Detailed Reference Information
Handel & James 1983
Handel, P.H. and James, P.B. (1983). Polarization catastrophe model of static electrification and spokes in the B-ring of Saturn. Geophysical Research Letters 10: doi: 10.1029/GL010i001p00001. issn: 0094-8276.

An explanation of the charging mechanism operating in the B-ring of Saturn is offered in terms of a Clausius-Mossotti type polarization catastrophe based on the peculiar ferroelectric properties of ice. Polarization charges of 400 Coulombs and electrostatic energies of 3¿109 Joules are estimated.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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