This paper seeks to determine the impact of extreme phases of the Southern Oscillation (SO, El Ni¿o/La Ni¿a) on droughts in the Iberian Peninsula. For this purpose, 51 precipitation series (1910--2000) were used. A spatial classification based on monthly precipitation records was made to identify homogeneous regions and to analyze any spatial differences in the influence of these extreme phases. For each region a drought index was calculated (standardized precipitation index) at timescales of 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. El Ni¿o and La Ni¿a years were identified using the Southern Oscillation index (SOI), in line with studies conducted elsewhere. Mean values of the drought index were calculated each month for the four timescales during El Ni¿o and La Ni¿a years as well as for the year following these events. The statistical significance of any anomalies was evaluated by means of the nonparametric Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test. The results indicate that extreme phases of the SO significantly affect the occurrence of droughts in the Iberian Peninsula. Moreover, spatial and temporal differences, depending on the timescale used, were identified. Large areas of the Iberian Peninsula are affected by significant negative values of SPI during the final months of La Ni¿a years and the initial months of the following year. In contrast, other areas are affected by dry conditions during the first months of El Ni¿o years as well as during the summers and autumns of the following year. The spatial differences in drought conditions during extreme phases of the SO are noticeable, and the drought signal is more consistent for La Ni¿a than it is for El Ni¿o years. Finally, the usefulness of these results for drought prediction and early warning systems is discussed.