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Blake et al. 1983
Blake, J.B., Fennell, J.F., Baker, D.N., Belian, R.D. and Higbie, P.R. (1983). A determination of the charge state of energetic magnetospheric ions by the observation of drift echoes. Geophysical Research Letters 10: doi: 10.1029/GL010i012p01211. issn: 0094-8276.

The mean charge states of heavy ions trapped in the earth's magnetosphere are important parameters for distinguishing among magnetospheric theories. No direct measurements have been made at energies greater than ~50 keV. A technique, which uses the E/q dependence of ion drift velocity, is described in this letter. A drift-echo event, which followed a substorm that occurred at 2100-2200 UT at 25 February 1979, is discussed to illustrate the application of this technique. In this event the charge state of helium ions was +2 and CNO ions was >+2 and probably ≥+5. This result implies that the drift-echo particles were from freshly injected solar-wind plasma.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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