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Beard & Johnson 1984
Beard, K.V. and Johnson, D.B. (1984). Raindrop axial and backscatter ratios using a collisional probability model. Geophysical Research Letters 11: doi: 10.1029/GL011i001p00065. issn: 0094-8276.

The steady-state distribution of oscillation energies for raindrops was computed for a balance between input energies from collisions and dissipation by viscosity. Calculations of the oscillations responses indicates that an appreciable fraction of large raindrops (≥ 3 mm diameter) in heavy rain showers are oscillating with axis ratio changes greater than 10%. Computations of the distribution averages for the axis ratio, backscatter ratio, and ZDR indicate increasingly significant deviations from values for static raindrop shapes with increasing rain rates.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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