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Gaffney 1984
Gaffney, E.S. (1984). Effect of strain-rate dependent yield strength on crater scaling relations. Geophysical Research Letters 11: doi: 10.1029/GL011i002p00121. issn: 0094-8276.

For materials whose strength is controlled by various creep processes, such as ice, the yield strength (Y) is often expressed in a power law relation to the strain rate (&egr;); Y∝&egr;˙I/n, where n is a constant for some range of &egr;˙. It has been shown that, for strength-dominated craters, the crater formation time is proportional to the crater radius R and to √Y¿. But the strain associated with crater formation is approximately fixed in the strength regime so the strain rate controlling crater formation will vary as √Y¿R. The result of combining these two effects is that, in materials with strain-rate dependent yield strengths, there will be a small increse in cratering efficiency (mass of ejecta/mass of explosive or impactor) as size increases in the strength-dominated regime. Explosive cratering data indicate that 1.6

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