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Cox & Scholz 1985
Cox, S.J.D. and Scholz, C.H. (1985). A direct measurement of shear fracture energy in rocks. Geophysical Research Letters 12: doi: 10.1029/GL012i012p00813. issn: 0094-8276.

Shear fracture energy has been measured for a granite and a limestone using a torsional method. We monitor failure with periodic stiffness determinations and measure strain energy released by integrating the load-displacement record. Values of strain energy release rate (G3C) obtained for zero normal stress lie in the range 102-203 Jm-2. These fall between the values of G1C from tensile experiments and of shear fracture energy measured under high normal stress in triaxial tests.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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