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Shukla & Yu 1985
Shukla, P.K. and Yu, M.Y. (1985). Formation of dipole vortex in the ionosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 12: doi: 10.1029/GL012i004p00163. issn: 0094-8276.

It is shown that isolated dipole vortices can exist in the F-region of the ionosphere. These are associated with the Rayleigh-Taylor and E¿B0 gradient drift instabilities. The vortices may be responsible for the rapid structuring of barium clouds as well as other phenomena observed in the upper ionosphere.

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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