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Papadopoulos & Chang 1985
Papadopoulos, K. and Chang, C.L. (1985). Generation of ELF/ULF waves in the ionosphere by dynamo processes. Geophysical Research Letters 12: doi: 10.1029/GL012i005p00279. issn: 0094-8276.

It is shown that amplitude modulated HF heating in the ionospheric E-region, can produce substantial power in the ELF/ULF range even in the absence of ambient-ionospheric currents. The signals are associated with spontaneous generation of magnetic fields caused by the coupling of the hot spot temperature gradient to the ambient ionospheric density gradient (∇n¿∇T). The mechanism produces values for PC5 micropulsations consistent with those observed by Stubbe and Kopka (1981).

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Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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