GERM Reservoir Database
Development and Maintenance by the EarthRef.org Database Team

GERM Database Search Results        
Reservoir Z Element Value Median SD Low High N Unit Info Reference Source(s)
Acapulcoite Primitive Achondrites 70 Yb 300           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Yanai & Kojima 1991
Zipfel et al. 1995
Active Continental Rifts 70 Yb 1.8           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Active Continental Rifts 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
AII Fracture Zone Basalts 70 Yb 4.38           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Johnson & Dick 1992
Alaska Trench 70 Yb 2.12           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Alborz Mountains 70 Yb 23         3 ppm Altschuller 1980 Aval et al. 1968
Aleutian Basalts 70 Yb 1.4         27 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Aleutian Trench 70 Yb 2.31           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
ALH 77005 Meteorite 70 Yb 0.59   0.03       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998
ALH 84001 Meteorite 70 Yb 0.29   0.03       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998
ALH 84025 Brachinite 70 Yb 98           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Warren & Kallemeyn 1989a
ALHA 77257 Urelite 70 Yb 68.8           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Jarosewich 1990
Warren & Kallemeyn 1992
Spitz & Boynton 1991
ALHA 81101 Urelite 70 Yb 47.5           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Warren & Kallemeyn 1992
Spitz & Boynton 1991
ALHA77081 Acapulcoite 70 Yb 300           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Schultz et al. 1982
Allende Meteorite 70 Yb 0.31           wt%ox Martin & Mason 1974
Amazon River Particulates 70 Yb 3.7           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979
Amphibolites   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.85         189   Gao et al. 1998
Amphibolites 70 Yb 2.46         189 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Andaman Trench 70 Yb 1.85           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Andean Andesites   Ce[n]/Yb[n] 10.3             Weaver & Tarney 1984 Bailey 1981
Andean Andesites 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Bailey 1981
Andes Basalt 70 Yb 1.83         28 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.1             Condie 1993
Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.1             Condie 1993
Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 5.2             Condie 1993
Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.6             Condie 1993
Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 5.7             Condie 1993
Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 5.5             Condie 1993
Andesites   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.3             Condie 1993
Andesites 70 Yb 1.8           ppm Condie 1993
Andesites 70 Yb 2.05         50 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998 Plank & Langmuir 1988
Andesites 70 Yb 2           ppm Condie 1993
Andesites 70 Yb 2           ppm Condie 1993
Andesites 70 Yb 2           ppm Condie 1993
Andesites 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Condie 1993
Andesites 70 Yb 1.32         28 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Andesites 70 Yb 2           ppm Condie 1993
Andesites 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Condie 1993
Angrite Angra Dos Reis 70 Yb 4820           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt & Lindstrom 1990
Angrite LEW 87051 70 Yb 1520           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt & Lindstrom 1990
Archean Amphibolites   Ce[n]/Yb[n] 23             Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1981
Archean Amphibolites 70 Yb 0.76           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1981
Archean Terrains 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995
Archean Terrains 70 Yb 1.25           ppm Condie 1991
Archean Terrains 70 Yb 2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995
Archean Terrains 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Arenaceous Rocks   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.08         121   Gao et al. 1998
Arenaceous Rocks   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.82         2754   Gao et al. 1998
Arenaceous Rocks 70 Yb 2.54         121 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Arenaceous Rocks 70 Yb 2.14         2754 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Ashy Clay 70 Yb 4.35         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Aubres Aubrite 70 Yb 101           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Easton 1985
Wolf et al. 1983
Australian Granite   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.47         8   Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Whalen 1985
Australian Granite   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.25             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Collins et al. 1982
Australian Granite   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.85         6   Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Turner et al. 1992
Australian Granite 70 Yb 1.29         13 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Inger & Harris 1993
Australian Granite 70 Yb 8.2           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Collins et al. 1982
Australian Granite 70 Yb 3.36         6 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Turner et al. 1992
Australian Granite 70 Yb 2.25         8 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Whalen 1985
Baldissero Spinel Lherzolites 70 Yb 0.3   0.02     14 ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994
Balmuccia Spinel Lherzolites 70 Yb 0.31   0.12     18 ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994
Bambui Group 70 Yb 6         14 ppm Altschuller 1980 Cathcart 1974
Barea Mesosiderite 70 Yb 473           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mason & Jarosewich 1973
Mittlefehldt in press
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2             Condie 1993
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 14.8         7   Farmer 2004 Zhang & O'Reilly 1997
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.2         10   Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 2001
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.9         1   Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2.8             Condie 1993
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.2         3   Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2.5             Condie 1993
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 82.8         1   Farmer 2004 Turner et al. 1996a
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2.8             Condie 1993
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 15.1         6   Farmer 2004 Marzoli et al. 2000
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 17.7         4   Farmer 2004 Chung 1999
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 23.4         7   Farmer 2004 Rogers et al. 1998
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.5         25   Farmer 2004 Baker et al. 1997
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.7         7   Farmer 2004 Price et al. 1997
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 19.3         8   Farmer 2004 Marzoli et al. 2000
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 25.6         27   Farmer 2004 Farmer et al. 2002
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2.7             Condie 1993
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 17.3         10   Farmer 2004 Robert et al. 1992
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 1.3             Condie 1993
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2.8         3   Farmer 2004 Dungan et al. 1986
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 26.1             Farmer 2004 Conticelli et al. 1997
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 21.9         26   Farmer 2004 Jung & Hoernes 2000
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.6         8   Farmer 2004 Hoang & Flower 1998
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 2.5             Condie 1993
Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 14.8         3   Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 1995
Basalts 70 Yb 2.2         3 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 1995
Basalts 70 Yb 1.83         16 ppm Farmer 2004 Jung & Hoernes 2000
Basalts 70 Yb 2.37         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Conticelli et al. 1997
Basalts 70 Yb 2.06         5 ppm Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997
Basalts 70 Yb 1.33         10 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung et al. 2001
Basalts 70 Yb 2.28         3 ppm Farmer 2004 Wilson et al. 1997
Basalts 70 Yb 2.2         6 ppm Farmer 2004 Turner et al. 1996a
Basalts 70 Yb 2.07         6 ppm Farmer 2004 Marzoli et al. 2000
Basalts 70 Yb 2.58         16 ppm Farmer 2004 Rogers et al. 1998
Basalts 70 Yb 2.07         12 ppm Farmer 2004 Dungan et al. 1986
Basalts 70 Yb 1.92         13 ppm Farmer 2004 Robert et al. 1992
Basalts 70 Yb 2.3           ppm Condie 1993
Basalts 70 Yb 2.8           ppm Condie 1993
Basalts 70 Yb 2.6           ppm Condie 1993
Basalts 70 Yb 2.7           ppm Condie 1993
Basalts 70 Yb 2.5           ppm Condie 1993
Basalts 70 Yb 2.7           ppm Condie 1993
Basalts 70 Yb 2.5           ppm Condie 1993
Basalts 70 Yb 1.46         4 ppm Farmer 2004 Chung 1999
Basalts 70 Yb 1.71         8 ppm Farmer 2004 Zhang & O'Reilly 1997
Basalts 70 Yb 1.68         9 ppm Farmer 2004 Hoang & Flower 1998
Basalts 70 Yb 2.86         44 ppm Farmer 2004 Baker et al. 1997
Basalts 70 Yb 1.86         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Price et al. 1997
Basalts 70 Yb 1.85         8 ppm Farmer 2004 Marzoli et al. 2000
Basalts 70 Yb 1.44         27 ppm Farmer 2004 Farmer et al. 2002
Binda Eucrite 70 Yb 387           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000
McCarthy et al. 1973
Bone Valley Formation 70 Yb 12         8 ppm Altschuller 1980
Boninites 70 Yb 0.8         69 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Brachina Brachinite 70 Yb 220           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Nehru et al. 1983
Brown Clay 70 Yb 6.69         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Brown Clay 70 Yb 6.63         29 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Brown Rock 70 Yb 4         3 ppm Altschuller 1980
Carbonaceous Chondrites   Al/Yb 5.44   0.35         McDonough & Sun 1995
Carbonaceous Chondrites   Ca/Yb 5.86   0.27         McDonough & Sun 1995
Carbonaceous Chondrites   Sc/Yb 36.4   1.8         McDonough & Sun 1995
Carbonaceous Chondrites   Sm/Yb 0.89   0.04         McDonough & Sun 1995
Carbonate 70 Yb 1.57         13 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Carbonate Turbidites 70 Yb 1.5         87 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Carbonates   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.42         50   Gao et al. 1998
Carbonates   La[n]/Yb[n] 15.99         2038   Gao et al. 1998
Carbonates 70 Yb 0.32         50 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Carbonates 70 Yb 0.58         2038 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Cascade Basalt 70 Yb 1.88         24 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Cascadia Trench 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Central America Trench 70 Yb 1.84           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Central American Basalts 70 Yb 1.68         29 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.42             Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.96             Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.8             Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.08             Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.36             Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.09             Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.5             Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.48             Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.6             Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.52             Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.5             Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.25           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 70 Yb 1.91           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.26           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.05           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 70 Yb 1.67           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.17           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.29           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.03           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 70 Yb 1.93           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Central East China Craton 70 Yb 2.16           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Chassigny Achondrite 70 Yb 100   20       ppb Boynton et al. 1976
Chassigny Meteorite 70 Yb 0.11   0.01       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998
Chaunskij Mesosiderite 70 Yb 805           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt in press
Petaev et al. 2000
Chert 70 Yb 1.76         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Chert 70 Yb 1.2           ppm Elliot et al. 1997
Chert 70 Yb 1.21         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
CI Chondrites   Al/Yb 5.34             McDonough & Sun 1995
CI Chondrites   Ca/Yb 5.75             McDonough & Sun 1995
CI Chondrites   La[n]/Yb[n] 1             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989
Sun & McDonough 1989
Sun 1982
CI Chondrites   Sc/Yb 36.8             McDonough & Sun 1995
CI Chondrites   Sm/Yb 0.919             McDonough & Sun 1995
CI Chondrites 70 Yb 159           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Wasson & Kallemeyn 1988
CI Chondrites 70 Yb 0.95   0.02         Palme & Jones 2004
CI Chondrites 70 Yb 0.165   0.00825       ppm Palme & Jones 2004 Palme & Beer 1993
CI Chondrites 70 Yb 0.1625           ppm Palme & Jones 2004 Anders & Grevesse 1989
CI Chondrites 70 Yb 165   8.25       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Palme & Jones 2004
CI Chondrites 70 Yb 162.5   2.6     4 ppb Anders & Grevesse 1989
CI Chondrites 70 Yb 161           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995
CI Chondrites 70 Yb 0.237           ppm McDonough et al. 1992
CI Chondrites 70 Yb 159   5.724     16 ppb Anders & Ebihara 1982 Evensen et al. 1978
CI Chondrites 70 Yb 0.166           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme et al. 1981
Anders & Ebihara 1982
Beer et al. 1984
Jochum et al. 1986
CI Chondrites 70 Yb 165           ppb McDonough & Sun 1995 Palme 1988
Clastic Turbidites 70 Yb 2.2         28 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Colombia Trench 70 Yb 1.19           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Congo River Particulates 70 Yb 2.6           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979
Continental Arc Andesite 70 Yb 1.82         159 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Continental Arc Andesite 70 Yb 1.54         57 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Continental Arcs 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Continental Arcs 70 Yb 1.4           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Continental Crust   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.61             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004
Continental Crust   Ce[n]/Yb[n] 4.4             Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981
Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995
Continental Crust 70 Yb 2200           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004
Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           ppm Wedepohl 1995
Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.53           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984
Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981
Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004
Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991
Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995
Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998a
Continental Crust 70 Yb 3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor 1964
Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985
Taylor & McLennan 1995
Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004
Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984
Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995 Wedepohl 1995
Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.9           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.247           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 1.23           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.21           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.018           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.215           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 1.96           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.202           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.32           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Glaser et al. 1999
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 5.7           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 6.1           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.015           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.0003           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Bedini & Bodinier 1999
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 1.46           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Johnson et al. 1996
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.12           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov et al. 1997
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.893           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.001           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.018           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Eggins et al. 1998
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 3.66           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996
Continental Intraplate Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.038           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Ionov 1996
Continental Shields & Platforms 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Continental Shields & Platforms 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Core 70 Yb 0           µg/g McDonough 1998
Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.21           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Stachel et al. 1998
Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.906           ppm Pearson et al. 2004
Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.121           ppm Pearson et al. 2004
Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Pearson et al. 2004
Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.05           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002
Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.08           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gregoire et al. 2002
Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.035           ppm Pearson et al. 2004
Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.44           ppm Pearson et al. 2004 Gergoire et al. 2002
Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 54.5           ppm Pearson et al. 2004
Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.359           ppm Pearson et al. 2004
Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.146           ppm Pearson et al. 2004
Cratonic Xenoliths 70 Yb 0.26           ppm Pearson et al. 2004
D'Orbigny Angrite 70 Yb 2130           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt et al. 2002
Danube River Particulates 70 Yb 4.6           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979
Depleted D-MORB basalts   Y/Yb 10.144             Salters & Stracke 2004
Depleted Mantle 70 Yb 0.401   0.02807       ppm Salters & Stracke 2004
Depleted Mantle 70 Yb 0.365     0.353 0.374   ppm Workman & Hart 2005
Depleted-Depleted MORB Mantle 70 Yb 0.348           ppm Workman & Hart 2005
Diatom Oozes & Clay 70 Yb 1.5         15 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Diatome Clay 70 Yb 2.41         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Diatome Mud 70 Yb 2.68         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Diatome Ooze 70 Yb 2.51         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Diorite   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.47         260   Gao et al. 1998
Diorite 70 Yb 2.09         260 ppm Gao et al. 1998
DSDP/ODP Site 800 70 Yb 1.87           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
DSDP/ODP Site 801 70 Yb 1.85           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
DSDP/ODP Site 801 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Elliot et al. 1997
E-MORB 70 Yb 2.68           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000
Early Archean Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.6             Condie 1993
Early Archean Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 12             Condie 1993
Early Archean Upper Crust 70 Yb 1.63           ppm Condie 1993
Early Archean Upper Crust 70 Yb 1.49           ppm Condie 1993
Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.1             Condie 1993
Early Proterozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.8             Condie 1993
Early Proterozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.23           ppm Condie 1993
Early Proterozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.32           ppm Condie 1993
East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.32             Gao et al. 1998
East China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.96             Gao et al. 1998
East China Craton 70 Yb 2.26           ppm Gao et al. 1998
East China Craton 70 Yb 2.01           ppm Gao et al. 1998
East Sunda Trench 70 Yb 2.43           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
EET 83309 Urelite 70 Yb 76           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Warren & Kallemeyn 1989b
EET 84302 Acapulcoite 70 Yb 250           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999
Enriched-Depleted MORB Mantle 70 Yb 0.382           ppm Workman & Hart 2005
Enstatite Chondrites   Al/Yb 5.5   0.35         McDonough & Sun 1995
Enstatite Chondrites   Ca/Yb 5.46   0.51         McDonough & Sun 1995
Enstatite Chondrites   Sc/Yb 37.9   3.1         McDonough & Sun 1995
Enstatite Chondrites   Sm/Yb 0.86   0.05         McDonough & Sun 1995
Estherville Mesosiderite 70 Yb 730           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt in press
Simpson & Ahrens 1977
Felsic Archean Granulites 70 Yb 1.6 0.6       111 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Felsic Granulites   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.38         137   Gao et al. 1998
Felsic Granulites 70 Yb 1.46         137 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Felsic Post-Archean Granulites 70 Yb 3.1 2.9       12 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.1             Condie 1993
Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.42         972   Gao et al. 1998
Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.1             Condie 1993
Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 5.9             Condie 1993
Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.3             Condie 1993
Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.8             Condie 1993
Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.1             Condie 1993
Felsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 5.8             Condie 1993
Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 2.9           ppm Condie 1993
Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 2.76           ppm Condie 1993
Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 3.1           ppm Condie 1993
Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 2.9           ppm Condie 1993
Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 3.9           ppm Condie 1993
Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 3.9           ppm Condie 1993
Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 3.31         972 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Felsic Volcanics 70 Yb 2.6           ppm Condie 1993
Ferruginous Clay 70 Yb 3.17         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Frankfort Howardites 70 Yb 620           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 McCarthy et al. 1972
Palme et al. 1978
Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts   Y/Yb 10.07             Salters & Stracke 2004
Fresh Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts 70 Yb 2.72         62 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Fresh MORB in Indian Ocean 70 Yb 2.25           ppm Klein 2004 Klein et al. 1991
Ganges River Particulates 70 Yb 3.2           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979
Garnet Peridotites 70 Yb   0.085         ppm McDonough 1991 Maaloe & Aoki 1975
Jordan 1979
Boyd 1989
McDonough 1990
Garonne River Particulates 70 Yb 2.8           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979
Gibson Lodranite 70 Yb 270           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999
Goalpara Ureilite 70 Yb 24   2       ppb Boynton et al. 1976
Granites   (Gd/Yb)(N) 2.72             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995
Granites   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.15         8   Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Kemp 2001
Granites   La[n]/Yb[n] 21.95         402   Gao et al. 1998
Granites   La[n]/Yb[n] 16.11         1226   Gao et al. 1998
Granites   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.6             Condie 1993
Granites   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.3             Condie 1993
Granites   La[n]/Yb[n] 15.2             Condie 1993
Granites 70 Yb 2           ppm Condie 1993
Granites 70 Yb 3.2           ppm Condie 1993
Granites 70 Yb 1.93         1226 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Granites 70 Yb 3.5           ppm Condie 1993
Granites 70 Yb 1.67         8 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Kemp 2001
Granites 70 Yb 1.55           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995
Granites 70 Yb 2.32         402 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Granulites   Ce[n]/Yb[n] 9.3             Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1982
Granulites   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.3 6.1       103   Rudnick & Presper 1990
Granulites   La[n]/Yb[n] 29 17       208   Rudnick & Presper 1990
Granulites 70 Yb 3.73 2.34       106 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990
Granulites 70 Yb 2.18 1.23       212 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990
Granulites 70 Yb 1.2           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Weaver & Tarney 1982
Granulitic Xenolites   La[n]/Yb[n] 5.2 4       129   Rudnick & Presper 1990
Granulitic Xenolites 70 Yb 1.9 1.46       133 ppm Rudnick & Presper 1990
Graywackes   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.7             Condie 1993
Graywackes   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.7             Condie 1993
Graywackes   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.7             Condie 1993
Graywackes   La[n]/Yb[n] 11.3             Condie 1993
Graywackes   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.8             Condie 1993
Graywackes   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.8             Condie 1993
Graywackes 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Condie 1993
Graywackes 70 Yb 1.8           ppm Condie 1993
Graywackes 70 Yb 1.4           ppm Condie 1993
Graywackes 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Condie 1993
Graywackes 70 Yb 1.4           ppm Condie 1993
Graywackes 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Condie 1993
Greater Antilles Basalt 70 Yb 1.95         16 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Green Clay 70 Yb 2.11         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Greywackes 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Wedepohl 1995
Havero Urelite 70 Yb 25           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Wanke et al. 1972
Hydrothermal Sediment 70 Yb 14.22         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
IAB Campo del Cielo 70 Yb 110           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Bild 1977
IAB Landes 70 Yb 190           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Bild 1977
IAB Udei Station 70 Yb 147           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Kallemeyn & Wasson 1985
Ibitira Eucrite 70 Yb 1710           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Jarosewich 1990
Barrat et al. 2000
Igneous Rocks 70 Yb 1.1           ppm Morgan et al. 1978 Schnetzler & Philpotts 1969
Igneous Rocks 70 Yb 1           ppm Morgan et al. 1978 Jerome 1970
Interior North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.02             Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.01             Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.83             Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.12             Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.31             Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton 70 Yb 1.89           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton 70 Yb 1.83           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton 70 Yb 1.64           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton 70 Yb 2.03           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Interior North China Craton 70 Yb 1.83           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Interlayerd Clay & Chert 70 Yb 2.43         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Interlayered Chert & Limestone 70 Yb 0.75         5 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Interlayered Clay & Chert 70 Yb 15         12 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Intermediate Granulites   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.32         136   Gao et al. 1998
Intermediate Granulites 70 Yb 1.7         136 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Intermediate Mafic Archean Granulites 70 Yb 1.7 1.4       36 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Intermediate Mafic Granulitic Xenolites 70 Yb 1.5 1.5       28 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Intermediate Mafic Post-Archean Granulites 70 Yb 2.3 2.2       32 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Island Arc Andesite 70 Yb             ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Island Arc Andesite 70 Yb 1.86         171 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Island Arcs 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995
Izu-Bonin Trench 70 Yb 2.9           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Japan Trench 70 Yb 2.82           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Java Trench 70 Yb 3.24           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Johnstown Diogenite 70 Yb 170           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Wanke et al. 1977
Juvinas Eucrite 70 Yb 1.7           ppm Morgan et al. 1978 Wanke et al. 1972
Schnetzler & Philpotts 1969
Jerome 1970
Kamchatka Basalt 70 Yb 1.89         41 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Kamchatka Trench 70 Yb 1.88           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Kapoeta Howardites 70 Yb 890           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Wanke et al. 1972
Kerm Trench 70 Yb 7.38           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Kermadec Basalts 70 Yb 1.88         10 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Kimberlite   La[n]/Yb[n] 175.6         22   Farmer 2004 Taylor et al. 1994
Kimberlite 70 Yb 0.66         22 ppm Farmer 2004 Taylor et al. 1994
Komatiites   La[n]/Yb[n] 0.4             Condie 1993
Komatiites 70 Yb 0.84           ppm Condie 1993
Kuriles Trench 70 Yb 2.82           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
La Caja Formation 70 Yb 7         8 ppm Altschuller 1980 Rogers et al. 1956
Late Archean Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.1             Condie 1993
Late Archean Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 11.5             Condie 1993
Late Archean Upper Crust 70 Yb 1.72           ppm Condie 1993
Late Archean Upper Crust 70 Yb 1.56           ppm Condie 1993
Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.8             Condie 1993
Late Proterozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.5             Condie 1993
Late Proterozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.33           ppm Condie 1993
Late Proterozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.4           ppm Condie 1993
Lesser Antilles Basalt 70 Yb 1.59         56 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Lower Continental Crust   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.7             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 0.79           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Liu et al. 2001
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.13           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1994
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 4           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Villaseca et al. 1999
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.09           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie & Selverstone 1999
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 3.19           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Taylor 1987
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.7           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Presper 1990
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.5           ppm Wedepohl 1995
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.29           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998a
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985
Taylor & McLennan 1995
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Lower Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Luzon Basalt 70 Yb 1.38         13 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
MAC 88177 Lodranite 70 Yb 160           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999
Macibini Eucrites 70 Yb 1840           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 McCarthy et al. 1973
Buchanan et al. 2000b
Mafic Archean Granulites 70 Yb 3.1 2.2       37 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Mafic Granulites   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.71         128   Gao et al. 1998
Mafic Granulites 70 Yb 2.98         128 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Mafic Granulitic Xenolites 70 Yb 1.53 1.17       120 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Mafic Intrusions   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.33         308   Gao et al. 1998
Mafic Intrusions 70 Yb 1.7         308 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Mafic Post-Archean Granulites 70 Yb 3.4 2.7       34 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Magdalena River Particulates 70 Yb 3.7           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979
Makran Trench 70 Yb 3.93           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Malvern Howardites 70 Yb 1350           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Palme et al. 1978
Manganese Nodules 70 Yb 20           ppm Li 1991 Baturin 1988
Haynes et al. 1986
Marianas Basalt 70 Yb 2.29         40 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Marianas Trench 70 Yb 1.86           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Marine Apatites 70 Yb       2 24 13 ppm Altschuller 1980
Marine Apatites 70 Yb 12.6         13 ppm Altschuller 1980
Marine Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 3           ppm Li 1982 Piper 1974
Marine Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 7.3           ppm Li 1991 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961
Rankin & Glasby 1979
Marine Phosphorites 70 Yb 14 10   4 40 11 ppm Altschuller 1980
Marine Shales 70 Yb 2.6           ppm Altschuller 1980 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961
Marine Shales 70 Yb 3.6         36 ppm Altschuller 1980 Hermann 1970
Marine Shales 70 Yb 3.1           ppm Li 1991 Turekian & Wedepohl 1961
Haskin & Haskin 1966
Mavic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.03         632   Gao et al. 1998
Mavic Volcanics 70 Yb 2.39         632 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Mead Peak Phosphatic Shale Member 70 Yb 0.001         41 ppm Gulbrandsen 1966
Mekong River Particulates 70 Yb 3.2           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979
Melitite-rich Chondrules 70 Yb 2.6     2.1 3.4 10 ppm Martin & Mason 1974
Mesozoic & Cenozoic Extensions 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Mesozoic & Cenozoic Extensions 70 Yb 2.4           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Mesozoic & Cenozoic Orogens 70 Yb 2.3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Mesozoic & Cenozoic Orogens 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 7             Condie 1993
Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.7             Condie 1993
Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.33           ppm Condie 1993
Mesozoic & Cenozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.36           ppm Condie 1993
META 78008 Urelite 70 Yb 84           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Warren & Kallemeyn 1992
Metafelsic Volcanics   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.89         41   Gao et al. 1998
Metafelsic Volcanics 70 Yb 1.7         41 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Metalliferous Clay 70 Yb 31.28         12 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Metapelitic Granulitic Xenolites 70 Yb 4.43 3.6       37 ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Mexico Trench 70 Yb 4.22           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Middle Continental Crust   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.5             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004
Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004
Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 0.76           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Weaver & Tarney 1984
Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.3           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.17           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998
Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2   0.09       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004
Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.3           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Middle Continental Crust 70 Yb 0.63           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1994
Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.8             Condie 1993
Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.1             Condie 1993
Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.18           ppm Condie 1993
Middle Proterozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.28           ppm Condie 1993
Miles IIE Iron 70 Yb 290           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Ebihara et al. 1997
Miles IIE Iron 70 Yb 730           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Ebihara et al. 1997
Mincy Mesosiderite 70 Yb 403           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt in press
Simpson & Ahrens 1977
Mishash Formation 70 Yb 5         3 ppm Altschuller 1980 Mazor 1963
Monterey Formation 70 Yb 5         5 ppm Altschuller 1980
Moore County Eucrite 70 Yb 1040           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000
McCarthy et al. 1973
MORB Basaltic Glass 70 Yb 4.75           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000
MORB Basaltic Glass 70 Yb 4.14           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000
MORB Basaltic Glass 70 Yb 3.59           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000
MORB Basaltic Glass 70 Yb 3.18           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000
N-MORB 70 Yb 3.42           ppm Klein 2004 Thompson et al. 1980
N-MORB 70 Yb 2.63           ppm Klein 2004 Niu et al. 1999
N-MORB 70 Yb 2.3           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000
N-MORB 70 Yb 3.9   1.3     26 ppm Hofmann 1988 Jochum et al. 1988
N-MORB 70 Yb 3.9           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Hofmann 1988
Ito et al. 1987
Smith et al. 1995
Hauri & Hart 1997
N-MORB 70 Yb 2.72           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000
Nakhla Meteorite 70 Yb 0.39   0.02       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998
Nankai Trench 70 Yb 1.6           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Nanno Ooze 70 Yb 1.92         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Nano Ooze 70 Yb 1.36         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
New Hebrides Islands 70 Yb 1.57         21 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
North American Shale Composite (NASC)   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.1             Condie 1993
North American Shale Composite (NASC) 70 Yb 1.9           ppm Morgan et al. 1978
North American Shale Composite (NASC) 70 Yb 3.1           ppm Condie 1993
North American Shale Composite (NASC) 70 Yb 1.8           ppm Morgan et al. 1978 Wanke & Palme 1974
North Antilles Trench 70 Yb 2.39           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
North Atlantic Ocean Deep Water 70 Yb 4.79             Bruland 1983 Elderfield & Greaves 1983
North Atlantic Ocean Surface Water 70 Yb 3.55             Bruland 1983 Elderfield & Greaves 1983
North Pacific Ocean Deep Water 70 Yb 5.4             Bruland 1983 Masuda & Ikeuchi 1979
North Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.39             Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.95             Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.05             Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 11.22             Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 11.19             Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.76           ppm Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 1.97           ppm Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.43           ppm Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.19           ppm Gao et al. 1998
North Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.51           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Northern Blake Plateau Phosphorites 70 Yb 0.0023           wt% Manheim et al. 1980 Ehrlich 1968
Novo-Urei Ureilite 70 Yb 45   5       ppb Boynton et al. 1976
Nuevo Laredo Eucrite 70 Yb 2410           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Warren & Jerde 1987
Oceanic Crust 70 Yb 3.3           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1981
Oceanic Crust 70 Yb 3.9           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.47           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.36           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 2002
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.83           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 2002
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 4.25           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997
Hauff et al. 2000
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.3           ppm Kerr 2004 Tejada et al. 1996
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.75           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1997
Hauff et al. 2000
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.71           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.89           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.4           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1993
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.42           ppm Kerr 2004
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.87           ppm Kerr 2004 Mahoney et al. 1995
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984
Dupre & Echeverria 1984
Jochum et al. 1991
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.57           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.53           ppm Kerr 2004 Reynaud et al. 1999
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.82           ppm Kerr 2004 Hauff et al. 2000
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 2.71           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 0.5           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.36           ppm Kerr 2004 Kerr et al. 1996
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.8           ppm Kerr 2004 Salters et al. 1992
Oceanic Plateaus 70 Yb 1.3           ppm Kerr 2004 Aitken & Echeverria 1984
Dupre & Echeverria 1984
Jochum et al. 1991
Oceans Deep water 70 Yb 0.81           ng/kg Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Elderfield & Greaves 1982
Oceans Surface water 70 Yb 0.61           ng/kg Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Elderfield & Greaves 1982
ODP Site 735 70 Yb 2.77 2.41       22 ppm Hart et al. 1999
ODP/DSDP Site 417/418 70 Yb 2.82           ppm Staudigel et al. 1995
ODP/DSDP Site 417/418 70 Yb 2.69           ppm Staudigel et al. 1996
Olivine Chondrules 70 Yb 0.6     0.47 0.7 3 ppm Martin & Mason 1974
Orangeite   La[n]/Yb[n] 92.2         114   Farmer 2004 Mitchell 1995
Orangeite 70 Yb 1.23         114 ppm Farmer 2004 Mitchell 1995
Ordinary Chondrites   Al/Yb 5.45   0.24         McDonough & Sun 1995
Ordinary Chondrites   Ca/Yb 5.88   0.3         McDonough & Sun 1995
Ordinary Chondrites   Sc/Yb 37.7   1.9         McDonough & Sun 1995
Ordinary Chondrites   Sm/Yb 0.9   0.04         McDonough & Sun 1995
Orgueil Chondrite 70 Yb 171           ng/g Grossman et al. 1985
Orgueil Chondrite 70 Yb 166         12 ppb Anders & Ebihara 1982
Orgueil Chondrite 70 Yb 166         12 ppb Anders & Grevesse 1989
Oulad Abdoun Basin 70 Yb 30         4 ppm Altschuller 1980
Paleozoic Orogens 70 Yb 1.8           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Paleozoic Orogens 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Paleozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 7             Condie 1993
Paleozoic Upper Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 6.7             Condie 1993
Paleozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.29           ppm Condie 1993
Paleozoic Upper Crust 70 Yb 2.33           ppm Condie 1993
Parana River Particulates 70 Yb 3.5           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979
Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 23.75         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 13         6 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 2.6         56 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 2.6         56 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 4.55         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 13           ppm Elliot et al. 1997
Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 1.6         55 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Pelagic Clay 70 Yb 6.19         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Pelites   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.27         1341   Gao et al. 1998
Pelites   La[n]/Yb[n] 11.28         69   Gao et al. 1998
Pelites 70 Yb 2.74         69 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Pelites 70 Yb 3.06         1341 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Pena Blanca Spring Aubrite 70 Yb 41           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Wolf et al. 1983
Lodders et al. 1993
Peninsular Range Batholith   (Gd/Yb)(N) 5.51             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995
Peninsular Range Batholith 70 Yb 0.51           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Sylvester 1995
Periodotite Section in Ophiolites 70 Yb   0.354         ppm McDonough 1991
Peru Trench 70 Yb 2.3           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Petersburg Eucrites 70 Yb 1599           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mason et al. 1979
Buchanan & Reid 1996
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.2         1   Farmer 2004 Peate 1997
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 4.51         5   Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.08         18   Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.28         1   Farmer 2004 Peate 1997
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 1.85         1   Farmer 2004 Peate 1997
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 4.32         6   Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 0.99         31   Farmer 2004 Hooper & Hawkesworth 1993
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts   La[n]/Yb[n] 3.31         3   Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 2.47         6 ppm Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 14.43         36 ppm Farmer 2004 Hooper & Hawkesworth 1993
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 1.55         7 ppm Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 2.92         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 2.09         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 2.99         1 ppm Farmer 2004 Peate 1997
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 2.39         9 ppm Farmer 2004 Wooden et al. 1993
Phanerozoic Flood Basalts 70 Yb 3.68         18 ppm Farmer 2004 Lightfoot et al. 1990
Philip Trench 70 Yb 6.28           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Phosphoria Formation 70 Yb   10         ppm Gulbrandsen 1966
Phosphoria Formation 70 Yb 0.001         61 ppm Gulbrandsen 1966
Phosphoria Formation 70 Yb 10         60 ppm Altschuller 1980 Gulbrandsen 1966
Post-Archean Terrrains 70 Yb 2.25           ppm Condie 1991
Precambrian Canadian Shield 70 Yb 1.47           ppm Shaw et al. 1986
Primitive Mantle   La[n]/Yb[n] 1             McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989
Sun & McDonough 1989
Sun 1982
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.49           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Wanke et al. 1984
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.41           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Hart & Zindler 1986
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 462           ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.32           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Anderson 1983
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.48           ppm McDonough 1990 McDonough & Frey 1989
Sun 1982
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.62           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Palme & Nickel 1985
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.372           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Taylor & McLennan 1985
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.489           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 Sun 1982
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb   0.481         ppm McDonough 1991 McDonough & Frey 1989
Sun 1982
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.43           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.46           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Jagoutz et al. 1979
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.414           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Hofmann 1988
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.37           ppm Wedepohl & Hartmann 1994 Wedepohl 1991
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 441   44.1       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.475           ppm McDonough & Frey 1989 McDonough & Sun 1989
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 462   46.2       ppb Palme & O'Neill 2004
Primitive Mantle 70 Yb 0.4144           ppm Hofmann 1988 Hart & Zindler 1986
Protolith Gabbros at ODP Site 735 70 Yb 1.57         8 ppm Hart et al. 1999
Pungo River Formation 70 Yb 15         2 ppm Altschuller 1980
Qingzhen Enstatite Chondrite 70 Yb 200           ng/g Grossman et al. 1985
QUE 94201 Meteorite 70 Yb 3.3   0.3       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998
Radiolarian Clay 70 Yb 2.82         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Radiolarian Clay 70 Yb 5.31         2 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Radiolarian Clay 70 Yb 2.47         11 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Radiolarian Clay 70 Yb 2.82         8 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Radiolarites 70 Yb 1           ppm Elliot et al. 1997
Radiolarites 70 Yb 0.96         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Radiolarites 70 Yb 1.43         17 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
REE Fractionated CAI Inclusions 70 Yb 0.81     0.37 1.6 5 ppm Martin & Mason 1974
REE Unfractionated CAI Inclusions 70 Yb 1.3     0.74 1.9 2 ppm Martin & Mason 1974
Retort Phosphatic Shale Member 70 Yb       0.001 0.003 20 ppm Gulbrandsen 1966
Rifted Continental Margins 70 Yb 1.4           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
Rifted Continental Margins 70 Yb 2           ppm Rudnick & Fountain 1995
River Particulates 70 Yb 3.5           µg/g Martin & Meybeck 1979
Rivers 70 Yb 0.004           ppb Li 1982 Martin & Meybeck 1979
Ryuku Trench 70 Yb 19.86           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Sandstones   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.3             Condie 1993
Sandstones   La[n]/Yb[n] 13.1             Condie 1993
Sandstones 70 Yb 0.52           ppm Condie 1993
Sandstones 70 Yb 0.84           ppm Condie 1993
Scotia Island Basalt 70 Yb 2.27         16 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Seawater 70 Yb 0.9           ng/kg Quinby-Hunt & Turekian 1983 Elderfield & Greaves 1982
Seawater 70 Yb 5e-06             Broeker & Peng 1982
Seawater 70 Yb 0.0008           ppb Li 1982
Seawater 70 Yb 1.5             Li 1991 Whitfield & Turner 1987
Seawater 70 Yb 5     3.5 5.4     Bruland 1983
Sera de Mage Eucrite 70 Yb 0.37           ppm Morgan et al. 1978 Schnetzler & Philpotts 1969
Serra De Mage Eucrite 70 Yb 510           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000
McCarthy et al. 1973
Shales   La[n]/Yb[n] 8             Condie 1993
Shales   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.1             Condie 1993
Shales   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.7             Condie 1993
Shales 70 Yb 2.95           ppm Condie 1993
Shales 70 Yb 2.43           ppm Condie 1993
Shales 70 Yb 2.86           ppm Condie 1993
Shalka Diogenite 70 Yb 30           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 McCarthy et al. 1972
Mittlefehldt 1994
Shallowater Aubrite 70 Yb 77           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Easton 1985
Keil et al. 1989
Shergotty Meteorite 70 Yb 1.52   0.15       ppm McSween, Jr. 2004 Lodders 1998
Silicate Earth 70 Yb 0.4144           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Hofmann 1988
Silicate Earth 70 Yb 0.372           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Taylor & McLennan 1985
Silicate Earth 70 Yb 0.49           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Jagoutz et al. 1979
Wanke et al. 1984
Silicate Earth 70 Yb 0.481           ppm McDonough et al. 1992 Sun 1982
Sun & McDonough 1989
McDonough & Frey 1989
Silicate Earth 70 Yb 0.44           µg/g McDonough 1998
Silicate Earth 70 Yb 0.44           ppm McDonough 2004
Silicate Earth 70 Yb 441   44.1       ppb McDonough & Sun 1995
Silicified Limestone 70 Yb 1.4           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Silty Mud 70 Yb 2.8         16 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Sioux County Eucrite 70 Yb 1940           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000
McCarthy et al. 1973
Slope Lisbourne Group 70 Yb 40         4 ppm Altschuller 1980 Patton & Matzko 1959
Solar Photosphere 70 Yb 1.08   0.15         Anders & Grevesse 1989
Solar Photosphere 70 Yb 1.08   0.15         Palme & Jones 2004 Grevesse & Sauval 1998
Solar System 70 Yb 0.243             Anders & Ebihara 1982
Solar System 70 Yb 0.2479   0.00397     4   Anders & Grevesse 1989
Solar System 70 Yb 0.2             Anders & Ebihara 1982 Cameron 1982
Solid Earth 70 Yb 0.3           ppm McDonough 2004
Solid Earth 70 Yb 0.3           µg/g McDonough 1998
South Antilles Trench 70 Yb 2.76           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
South Margin of North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.09             Gao et al. 1998
South Margin of North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.56             Gao et al. 1998
South Margin of North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.86             Gao et al. 1998
South Margin of North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.45             Gao et al. 1998
South Margin of North China Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.44             Gao et al. 1998
South Margin of North China Craton 70 Yb 2.14           ppm Gao et al. 1998
South Margin of North China Craton 70 Yb 2.51           ppm Gao et al. 1998
South Margin of North China Craton 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Gao et al. 1998
South Margin of North China Craton 70 Yb 2.1           ppm Gao et al. 1998
South Margin of North China Craton 70 Yb 2.26           ppm Gao et al. 1998
South Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.67             Gao et al. 1998
South Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.64             Gao et al. 1998
South Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.45             Gao et al. 1998
South Qinling Belt in China   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.39             Gao et al. 1998
South Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.51           ppm Gao et al. 1998
South Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.38           ppm Gao et al. 1998
South Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.58           ppm Gao et al. 1998
South Qinling Belt in China 70 Yb 2.54           ppm Gao et al. 1998
South Sandwich Trench 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Spinel Peridotites   La[n]/Yb[n] 7.1 2.7 12     195   McDonough 1990
Spinel Peridotites 70 Yb 0.26 0.27 0.14     201 ppm McDonough 1990
Spinel Peridotites 70 Yb   0.27         ppm McDonough 1991 Maaloe & Aoki 1975
Jordan 1979
Boyd 1989
McDonough 1990
Stannern Eucrite 70 Yb 2810           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Barrat et al. 2000
McCarthy et al. 1973
Subducted Sediment 70 Yb 2.76   0.88       ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Sumatra Trench 70 Yb 2.14           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 70 Yb 0.219   0.009     16 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 70 Yb 3.104   0.134     13 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 70 Yb 2.951   0.032     42 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 70 Yb 0.941   0.024     31 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 70 Yb 1.714   0.124     7 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Talkeetna Arc Plutonic Rocks 70 Yb 1.5   0.212     6 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Tonalites 70 Yb 2.4           ppm Wedepohl 1995
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites   (Gd/Yb)(N) 3.3         355   Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Martin 1995
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.9             Condie 1993
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.5             Condie 1993
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites   La[n]/Yb[n] 20.54         553   Gao et al. 1998
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites   La[n]/Yb[n] 16.78         641   Gao et al. 1998
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites   La[n]/Yb[n] 18.2             Condie 1993
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 70 Yb 1.7           ppm Condie 1993
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 70 Yb 1.53         641 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 70 Yb 1.25         553 ppm Gao et al. 1998
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Condie 1993
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 70 Yb 0.55         355 ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Martin 1995
Tonalites-Trondhjemites-Granodiorites 70 Yb 1           ppm Condie 1993
Tonga Trench 70 Yb 17.01           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Tongan Basalts 70 Yb 1.62         12 ppm Kelemen et al. 2004
Transitional Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts 70 Yb 3.28           ppm Klein 2004 Lehnert 2000
Turbidites 70 Yb 1.97         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Turbidites 70 Yb 1.97         4 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Upper Continental Crust   (Gd/Yb)(N) 1.65             Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004
Upper Continental Crust   Ce[n]/Yb[n] 7.4             Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981
Upper Continental Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 8.7             Condie 1993
Upper Continental Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 9             Condie 1993
Upper Continental Crust   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.3             Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Weaver & Tarney 1984 Taylor & McLennan 1981
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.82           ppm Hart et al. 1999 Staudigel et al. 1995
Smith et al. 1995
Hart & Staudigel 1989
Staudigel et al. 1989
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           ppm Kemp & Hawkesworth 2004 Rudnick & Gao 2004
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.47           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Shaw et al. 1967
Shaw et al. 1976
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.91           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Condie 1993
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.26           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Gao et al. 1998
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Taylor & McLennan 1985
Taylor & McLennan 1995
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 Wedepohl 1995
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2           µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor et al. 1983 Taylor & McLennan 1981
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.02           ppm Condie 1993
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.91           ppm Condie 1993
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.96   0.4       µg/g Rudnick & Gao 2004 see text








Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 2.2           ppm Taylor & McLennan 1995
Upper Continental Crust 70 Yb 1.5           ppm Wedepohl 1995
Vanuatu Trench 70 Yb 2.37           ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Veramin Mesosiderite 70 Yb 112           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Mittlefehldt in press
Powell 1971
Volcanoclastic Sediment 70 Yb 2.37         15 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Volcanoclastic Turbidites 70 Yb 1.2           ppm Elliot et al. 1997
Volcanoclastic Turbidites 70 Yb 1.3         43 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Volcanoclastic Turbidites 70 Yb 1.2         13 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
Watson IIE Iron 70 Yb 242           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Olsen et al. 1994
Winonaite Pontlyfni 70 Yb 90           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Graham et al. 1977
Davis et al. 1977
Winonaite Tierra Blanca 70 Yb 159           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Kallemeyn & Wasson 1985
Jarosweich 1990
Y-74450 Eucrites 70 Yb 2610           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Wanke et al. 1977
Y-791491 Lodranite 70 Yb 120           ng/g Mittlefehldt 2004 Weigel et al. 1999
Yangtze Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 10.94             Gao et al. 1998
Yangtze Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 9.76             Gao et al. 1998
Yangtze Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 14.34             Gao et al. 1998
Yangtze Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 12.08             Gao et al. 1998
Yangtze Craton   La[n]/Yb[n] 11.24             Gao et al. 1998
Yangtze Craton 70 Yb 2.33           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Yangtze Craton 70 Yb 1.95           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Yangtze Craton 70 Yb 2.34           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Yangtze Craton 70 Yb 1.86           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Yangtze Craton 70 Yb 2.24           ppm Gao et al. 1998
Zeolite Clay 70 Yb 1.85         3 ppm Plank & Langmuir 1998
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