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Mihalov & Barnes 1982
Mihalov, J.D. and Barnes, A. (1982). The distant interplanetary wake of Venus: Plasma observations from pioneer Venus. Journal of Geophysical Research 87: doi: 10.1029/JA080i011p09045. issn: 0148-0227.

In June 1979 the Pioneer Venus orbiter made its first series of passes through the distant solar wind wake of Venus at distances of 8--12 RV behind the planet. During this period the plasma analyzer aboard the spacecraft detected disturbed magnetosheath plasma that intermittently disappeared and reappeared, suggesting a tattered, filamentary cavity trailing behind the planet. The magnetosheath dropouts almost always occurred inside the region of 'magnetotail' observed by Russell et al. Sporadic bursts of energetic ions (E/q>4kV) are detected inside and, occasionally, outside the magnetotail; all such bursts are consistent with identification of the ion as O+ of planetary origin moving at the local magnetosheath flow speed. The morphology of the plasma dropouts and of the O+ bursts is analyzed in detail. The cavity appears to contract at times of high solar wind dynamic pressure. The intensity of the O+ component is highly variable, and appears not to be strongly correlated with solar wind dynamic pressure. The most intense bursts correspond to a flux ≲107 ions cm-2 s-1. This maximum flux, if steady and filling a cylinder 1 RV in radius would correspond to a mass loss rate of ≲1025 ions s-1; the intermittency and variability of the flux suggest that the true mean loss rate is very much lower. The kinetic temperature of the O+ component is estimated as 105--106 K in order of magnitude.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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