During the ECHO campaign in 1994 neutral and electron density fluctuations were measured together with charged aerosols on the same sounding rocket launched close to a VHF radar detecting polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE). For the first time this combination of measurements allows for an independent test of the microphysical and the turbulence interpretations of the Schmidt number (Sc). The Schmidt number characterizes the reduction of the electron diffusivity by charged aerosols, which leads to an enhancement of the electron density fluctuations at small spatial scales. In one of the flights charged aerosols were observed at ~83--89 km together with correlated depletions in electron density ('biteouts'). We have applied a model of aerosol charging to the measured plasma profiles and determined a mean aerosol radius of ~8 nm and a mean aerosol charge of 1e-. In the microphysical description of electron diffusion these parameters correspond to Sc~420. Spectral analysis of the electron density fluctuations showed enhancements of spectral densities at small scales suggesting likewise a Schmidt number much larger than unity. Using an energy dissipation rate of 67 mW/kg as derived from neutral air turbulence measurements on the same rocket we get from the electron spectra Sc=385 which is in excellent agreement with the microphysical result. Apart from this turbulent layer we observe no significant disturbances in neutral air number densities below ~87 km which confirms earlier indications that processes must exist to create PMSEs which are not directly coupled to neutral air turbulence. ¿ 1998 American Geophysical Union