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Whipple 1976
Whipple, E.C. (1976). Theory of the spherically symmetric photoelectron sheath: A thick sheath approximation and comparison with the ATS 6 observation of a potential barrier. Journal of Geophysical Research 81: doi: 10.1029/JA081i004p00601. issn: 0148-0227.

Photoelectrons and secondary electrons have recently been observed to have been reflected back to the ATS 6 spacecraft from a potential barrier in the spacecraft vicinity. Guernsey and Fu (1970) and others have predicted the presence of a potential barrier in a photoelectron sheath. In order to determine whether or not he observed barrier is due to the emitted electrons, a theory for a spherically symmetric sheath has been developed which includes the effects of both the emitted electrons and the ambient plasma electrons and ions. A thick sheath approximation based on an analysis of particle tracjectories in phase space is obtained which is valid for large particle Debye lengths. A comparison with the ATS 6 data shows that the observed barrier potentials are too large to be explained in this way.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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