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Hudson & Balsley 1976
Hudson, M.K. and Balsley, B.B. (1976). Partial reflections from equatorial E region gradients. Journal of Geophysical Research 81: doi: 10.1029/JA081i031p05557. issn: 0148-0227.

Anomalous narrow peaks in both daytime and nighttime equatorial E region VHF radar spectra observed when the electron drift is low appear to be explainable in terms of partial reflections from regions of sharp plasma density gradients. Both zero-order gradients and secondary gradients from incoherent returns. Some of the anomalous peaks have Doppler shifts which appear to be consistent with the ambient ion-neutral drifts and independent of the electrojet (electron drift) direction. This may be due to the fact that both the steep zero-order gradients and the large irregularities that produce the partial reflections tend to predominate at somewhat lower heights, where the plasma is strongly collision dominated.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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