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Sharp et al. 1977
Sharp, R.D., Johnson, R.G. and Shelley, E.G. (1977). Observation of an ionospheric acceleration mechanism producing energetic (keV) ions primarily normal to the geomagnetic field direction. Journal of Geophysical Research 82: doi: 10.1029/JA082i022p03324. issn: 0148-0227.

O+ ions with energies of approximately 1 keV have been observed flowing upward out of the ionosphere with a pitch angle distribution having a minimum along the magnetic field direction and maxima in about 130¿--140¿ range. The measurements were obtained with an energetic ion mass spectrometer experiment on the satellite 1976-65B at an altitude of about 7600 km in the northern dayside polar cusp. The data are interpreted as resulting from a mechanism which accelerates ambient ionospheric ions in a direction perpendicular to the geomagnetic field.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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