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Murphy et al. 1980
Murphy, J.A., Bailey, G.J. and Moffett, R.J. (1980). A theoretical study of the effects of quiet-time electromagnetic drifts on the behavior of thermal plasma at mid-latitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research 85: doi: 10.1029/JA085iA05p01979. issn: 0148-0227.

Starting with a depleted protonosphere, the behavior of O+ and H+ at L=3.2 is examined theoretically to determine the influence of the quiet time diurnal electromagnetic drift with a 24-hour period. The conditions are appropriate to sunspot maximum. Large changes in the H+ tube content at L=3.2 occur as the protonosphere is replenished. In the absence of the electromagnetic drift, such changes would imply field-aligned proton fluxes up to the order of 1010 cm-2 s-1; the actual field-aligned proton flux is of the order of 108 cm-2 s-1. The combined effect of diurnal drifts and frequency of magnetic storms can produce multiple peaks in the diurnal behavior of the H+ tube content at L=3.2. As the drift lowers the altitude of the O+ layer during daytime, the values of NmF2 decrease owing to the change in the linear loss coefficient. At night, cross-L gradients in NmF2 are significant for the conditions considered, and the outward drift increases NmF2 values at L=3.2. When the protonosphere is sufficiently replenished, the inward drift causes downward proton fluxes at L-3.2.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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