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Horwitz 1980
Horwitz, J.L. (1980). Conical distributions of low-energy fluxes at synchronous orbit. Journal of Geophysical Research 85: doi: 10.1029/JA085iA05p02057. issn: 0148-0227.

Low-energy ion fluxes observed at synchronous orbit often display conical pitch angle distributions, that is, peak fluxed between 0 ¿ and 90 ¿ to the magnetic field direction. They are observed at allo local times and are and especially common occurrence near dusk. The conic peaks normally occur in the 15 ¿--35 ¿ pitch angle range. Many of the low-energy ion conics in the laste afternoon-dusk sector appear to be associated with low-energy plasma from the vicinity of the dusk plasmasphere bulge region. Several hypotheses for the production of these conics are advanced, and it is judged likely that cyclotron acceleration of ions at geocentric distances of 3.1 to 5.1 RE is operative in many cases. It is suggested that cyclotron acceleration in this altitude range may be an effective mechanism in trapping ionospheric ions within the magnetosphere.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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