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Kan & Lee 1980
Kan, J.R. and Lee, L.C. (1980). On the auroral double-layer criterion. Journal of Geophysical Research 85: doi: 10.1029/JA085iA02p00788. issn: 0148-0227.

It is shown that the minimum electron streaming speed required in Bohm-Block criterion for the existence of one-dimensional double-layer solutions can be relaxed by the presence of a sufficient population of trapped electrons with energies in the parallel motion ranging up to the double-layer potential energy. The resulting auroral double-layer criterion is found to be relatively independent of the forms of the particle distribution functions. The trapped electrons can be identified with the energy-degraded primary electrons and the secondary electrons on auroral field lines. The magnetic mirror due to the converging geomagnetic field and the electron-neutral collisions in the upper atmosphere are necessary elements in building up the trapped electron population.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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