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Horwitz et al. 1981
Horwitz, J.L., Baugher, C.R., Chappell, C.R., Shelley, E.G. and Young, D.T. (1981). Pancake pitch angle distributions in warm ions observed with ISEE 1. Journal of Geophysical Research 86. doi: 10.1029/JA086iA05p03311. issn: 0148-0227.

Observations of pancake (peak flux near 90 ¿ pitch angle) distributions of low-energy (≲100 eV) ions are reported. Pancake distributions occur often in H+ and He+ simultaneously while O+ fluxes are either undetectable or field-aligned. The H+ and He+ pancake distributions typically display characteristic energies of the order of 10 eV and are frequently mixed with higher density, colder (&kgr;T≲3 eV), isotropic, quasi-Maxwellian components. They appear often within the outer regions of the plasmasphere, and seem to occur most frequently on the dayside and near the magnetic equator.

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Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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