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Schunk & Watkins 1982
Schunk, R.W. and Watkins, D.S. (1982). Proton temperature anisotropy in the polar wind. Journal of Geophysical Research 87. doi: 10.1029/JA087iA01p00171. issn: 0148-0227.

We studied the steady state flow of a fully ionized H+-O+-electron plasma along geomagnetic field lines in the high-latitude topside ionosphere. Our theoretical formulation was based on the 13-moment system of transport equations, which allow for different species temperatures parallel and perpendicular to the geomagnetic field and nonclassical heat flows. Solutions to the plasma transport equations were obtained over the altitude range from 1500 to 12,000 km for a range of lower-boundary conditions leading to both subsonic and supersonic H+ outflows. For both subsonic and supersonic flows an appreciable H+ temperature anisotropy occurs at all altitudes above 1500 km, and in both cases the H+ temperature anisotropy tends to be regulated at high altitudes. However, the direction of the anisotropy is opposite for the two cases. For supersonic flow, Tp>Tp at high altitudes, while the reverse occurs for subsonic flow. To some extent, the direction of the temperature anisotropy is related to the direction of the H+ heat flow. For supersonic flow an upward flow of heat from the lower ionosphere is required, while for subsonic flow we were able to obtain solutions with a downward H+ heat flow. For supersonic flow, collisionless transport effects are important at altitudes as low as 1500 km while for subsonic flow H+-H+ collisions have an important effect on the H+ stress and heat flow balance at all altitudes between 1500 and 12,000 km.

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Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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