VLF signals from the Siple Station, Antarctica, transmitter received on the DE 1 spacecraft provide new information on whistler mode signal propagation paths in the magnetosphere. In two case studies, the measured group delay in conjunction with in situ density measurements and ray tracing analysis are used to distinguish between direct nonducted propagation and a hybrid mode consisting of one-hop propagation in a duct after ionospheric reflection by nonducted propagation. The extent of the observations both in space and time indicates that such a hybrid propagation mode may be an important means by which whistler mode signals generated or amplified in ducts can populate the magnetosphere. Computed group time delays based on a diffusive equilibrium model for the density distribution along the field lines provide good agreement with measurements over a wide range of magnetic latitudes (50¿S-25¿N). In one case, observed Siple signals are associated with sidebands of ¿30 HZ spacing, and emissions are occasionally triggered. Sidebands are associated with signal components that are believed to have propagated on direct nonducted paths as well as in a hybrid (ducted/nonducted) mode with the sideband spacing being equal in both cases. The sideband spacing is found to be independent of the carrier frequency and amplitude and the satellite location with respect to the magnetic equator. |